??????

??????; ?????????? ?????:520 Ma Pre? ? O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ ??????????? ????? ?????, but #Fossils
???????? ?????????
?????:	???????????????
????????????????:	???????????????????
????:	??????; ???????, 1866
?????????
	百度我们在考古遗址中发现的狗骨大多是破碎的，证明这些狗在当时是被人食用的。 ????? ????? ????????????; ?????????; ????? ????????? (embryophytes) Non-vascular land plants (bryophytes) ?????????????????—liverworts; ???????????????????; ??????????? - ????; ?Horneophytopsida; ; ??????????s (???????????????) ?????????????—rhyniophytes; ??????????????????—zosterophylls; Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses; ?????????????????????—trimerophytes; ????????????—ferns and horsetails; ?????????????????????????; ???????? ????????? (spermatophytes) ??????????????????????—???????? ?????????; ??????????—????????? ?????????; ?????????????????—cycads; Ginkgophyta—ginkgo; Gnetophyta—gnetae; Magnoliophyta—flowering plants; ; ; ?Nematophytes

?????? (Plant) (????????? ?????: Plantae) ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????, ????, ????, ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? 350,000 ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????????????. ???????? 287,655 ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????, ???????, ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (ferns), ??????? (???????????? ????? ??????), ??????????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? 258,650 ???????? ???? ??????. 18,000 ??????????????.

???????

???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? 100 ??????? (330 ???) ??????????? ???? ???????? '??????' ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????, ???, ???????, ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ???????? ???????????? ?????, ??????, ???????, ?????, ???????? ???????. ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????????, ???????????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????.

?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ??????????? ????????, ??? ??????????????? ?????????????, ??? ????, ??? ????, ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????.

?????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????.

????????????

????? ??????? ?????

??????? ?????? ?????????????(384 ??.??. – 322 ??.??.) ????? ???????????????, ????????? (??????????), ?????????? (????????) ?? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????????.
18 ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????(Linnaeus' system), ??? ????????????? (Vegetabilia), ???????? (Animalia) ??????? ?????? ????????????? (Kingdoms) ????. ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? (Plantae) ?? ??????????????.
????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????. ?????????????, ?? ??? ????????? (??????????) ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????????, ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????.

??????????????

????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????????????. ???????:

????? ?????????: ??? ???????????????, ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????????.
??????? ?????????: ?????? ????????????, ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????. ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????????. ?????????, ?????????, ???????????? ????????? ????????.
?????????????????: ??????????, ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????, ?????????????? ????????? ????????????.

???? ?????????

???????? ????????????????, ????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????????(????????? ????????? ) ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ???????, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ???????????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??????, ????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????????????.
????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ????????? ??????????????.

??????? ???? - (?.??) ????????? ????-7300 ??????????????? ???????????.
?????? ???? - (?.??) ???????-??????? ?????????
??????? ???? - (?.??) ???????? ??????(1844-1930), ?????? ?????????(1849-1893) ???????? ???????.

???????? ?????????????? - ?????? ?????????, ???? ????????? 1943 ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???????

????????

?????????????? ????????, ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????.

????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature),
?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? (International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants)
???????????? 2009 ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ???? III ???? (APG III system - Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III system) ??????? ???, ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????????????????. ??????????????;-

??????????? (Amborella)
???????? (Nymphaeales)
?????????????? (Austrobaileyales)
??????? (Chloranthales)
??????????????? (Magnoliidae)
???????????????? (Monocotyledonae)
????????????????? (Ceratophyllum)
????????????????????? (Eudicotyledonae)

????????

**?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????**
?????????? ?????????	???????? ?????	?????? ?????	?????? ????????? ?????????
????? ?????	????????????	????? ????? (chlorophytes)	3,800 ^[2]
????? ?????	?????????	green algae (desmids & charophytes)	4,000 - 6,000 ^[3]
?????????????????	????????????????????	???????? ?????????	6,000 - 8,000 ^[4]
	???????????????	?????????? ?????????	100 - 200 ^[5]
	????????????	mosses	12,000 ^[6]
?????????????????	??????????????????	club mosses	1,200 ^[7]
?????????????????	????????????	ferns, whisk ferns & horsetails	11,000 ^[7]
???????? ?????????	??????????????	cycads	160 ^[8]
	????????????	??????	1 ^[9]
	??????????	????????? ?????????	630 ^[7]
	??????????????	?????????????????	70 ^[7]
	???????????????	???????? ?????????	258,650 ^[10]

?????? ????

?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????. ???????? ??????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????. ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????. ?????????, ?????????????, ????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????????????.

?????? ???????

??????????

??? ??????? (?????? ???)
??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????
?????? ???????

???????????

↑ Haeckel G (1866). Generale Morphologie der Organismen. Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer. pp. vol.1: i–xxxii, 1–574, pls I–II, vol. 2: i–clx, 1–462, pls I–VIII.
↑ Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pages 343, 350, 392, 413, 425, 439, & 448 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-30419-9
↑ Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pages 457, 463, & 476. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-30419-9
↑ Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E., 2000. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". page 21 in A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), Bryophyte Biology. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-66097-1
↑ Schuster, Rudolf M., The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, volume VI, pages 712-713. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-914868-21-7.
↑ Goffinet, Bernard; William R. Buck (2004). "Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification". Monographs in Systematic Botany (Missouri Botanical Garden Press) 98: 205–239.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Raven, Peter H., Ray F. Evert, & Susan E. Eichhorn, 2005. Biology of Plants, 7th edition. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7167-1007-2.
↑ Gifford, Ernest M. & Adriance S. Foster, 1988. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, 3rd edition, page 358. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7167-1946-0.
↑ Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor, 1993. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, page 636. (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-13-651589-4.
↑ International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Summary Statistics

???? ??????????

Index Nominum Algarum
Interactive Cronquist classification. Archived 10 February 2006.
Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Archived 11 June 2010.
Tree of Life. ????????????? 9 ?????? 2022 at the ??????? ?????????.
????????? 4 ?????? ???? ????????? 10% ??????? ??????????

[1] Haeckel G (1866). Generale Morphologie der Organismen. Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer. pp. vol.1: i–xxxii, 1–574, pls I–II, vol. 2: i–clx, 1–462, pls I–VIII.

[2] Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pages 343, 350, 392, 413, 425, 439, & 448 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-30419-9

[3] Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pages 457, 463, & 476. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-30419-9

[4] Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E., 2000. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". page 21 in A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), Bryophyte Biology. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-66097-1

[5] Schuster, Rudolf M., The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, volume VI, pages 712-713. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-914868-21-7.

[Goffinet_&_Buck_2004-6] Goffinet, Bernard; William R. Buck (2004). "Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification". Monographs in Systematic Botany (Missouri Botanical Garden Press) 98: 205–239.

[Raven_2005-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Raven, Peter H., Ray F. Evert, & Susan E. Eichhorn, 2005. Biology of Plants, 7th edition. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7167-1007-2.

[8] Gifford, Ernest M. & Adriance S. Foster, 1988. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, 3rd edition, page 358. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7167-1946-0.

[9] Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor, 1993. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, page 636. (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-13-651589-4.

[10] International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Summary Statistics

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